PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES AMONG NON-SMOKING WOMEN AGED ABOVE 18 YEARS IN NORTH KARNATAKA: A COMMUNITY-BASED OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Authors: Dr. Yannawar Anand, Dr. Srikanth Ravoori, Dr. Smita Nomulwar*
Publication Date: 2026/04/12
DOI: 10.59551/DOI: 10.59551/IJHMP/25832069/2026.7.1.109
Abstract
<p>Background: Respiratory diseases remain a major public health problem globally and are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Although tobacco smoking is a well-known risk factor, a considerable proportion of respiratory illnesses occur among non-smoking women, particularly in developing countries like India. Exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass fuel, passive smoking, occupational dust, and poor ventilation are important contributors to respiratory morbidity among women. </p>
<p>Objectives: To assess the prevalence of respiratory diseases and identify associated risk factors among non-smoking women aged above 18 years in north Karnataka. </p>
<p>Methods: A community-based observational study was conducted among non-smoking women aged 18 years and above residing in Karnataka. Participants were selected using an appropriate sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire that included socio-demographic details, environmental exposures, household characteristics, and respiratory symptoms. Clinical history and relevant risk factors such as type of cooking fuel, exposure to passive smoking, occupational hazards, and housing ventilation were assessed. </p>
<p>Results: The study identified a measurable prevalence of respiratory diseases among non-smoking women. Significant associations were observed with exposure to biomass fuel, inadequate kitchen ventilation, passive smoking, and occupational dust exposure. Women from lower socioeconomic background and those with prolonged exposure to indoor air pollutants showed a higher likelihood of developing respiratory symptoms and diseases. </p>
<p>Conclusion: Respiratory diseases are prevalent among non-smoking women and are strongly associated with environmental and household risk factors. </p>
<p>KEYWORDS: Respiratory Diseases, Non-smoking Women, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Indoor Air Pollution.</p>
References
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